Introduction
Linking words are essential in English, especially in the TOEIC Listening & Reading test. They help to connect ideas and show relationships between sentences or parts of a sentence. One important function of linking words is to express contrast, which helps you show differences or unexpected results. Mastering these words can improve your comprehension and communication skills in business contexts.
Explanation
Linking words for contrast include "however," "although," "despite," "nevertheless," "on the other hand," and "in contrast." Here’s how you can use them:
However: Used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously.
Example: The new policy is effective. However, it may increase costs.
Although: Used to introduce a subordinate clause that contrasts with the main clause.
Example: Although the meeting was long, it was productive.
Despite: Used to show that something happened or is true, even though something else might have prevented it.
Example: Despite the rain, the event was successful.
Nevertheless: Used to add information that contrasts with what has been said.
Example: The project faced many challenges. Nevertheless, it was completed on time.
On the other hand: Used to present an opposing point of view or situation.
Example: The software is expensive. On the other hand, it offers unique features.
In contrast: Used to compare two different things or situations.
Example: The first quarter showed a profit. In contrast, the second quarter showed a loss.
Common mistakes
Confusing "although" and "despite": Remember, "although" is followed by a clause (subject + verb), while "despite" is followed by a noun or gerund.
Incorrect: Despite it was raining, we went out.
Correct: Despite the rain, we went out.
Misplacing "however" in a sentence: "However" should not start a sentence in formal writing.
Incorrect: However, the meeting was canceled.
Correct: The meeting was scheduled. However, it was canceled.
Tips for the TOEIC test
Pay attention to the context: Linking words often appear in reading passages and listening scripts to connect contrasting ideas.
Practice identifying contrast: Look for sentences that show opposing ideas and note the linking words used.
Be aware of punctuation: Words like "however" and "nevertheless" are often followed by a comma.
Mini practice
Fill in the blanks with the correct linking word: "however," "although," or "despite."
The team worked hard. __________, they did not meet the deadline.
__________ the high cost, the company decided to invest in new technology.
__________ he was tired, he continued to work late into the night.
Answers
However
Despite
Although